Abstract: Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. a plant of the genus Zanthoxylum L. (Rutaceae family), is traditionally valued for its analgesic, insecticidal, and antipruritic properties. As a primary producer of this species, China generates Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. seed oil as a key by-product during processing. Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. seed oil contains rich fatty acids, volatile components, trace elements, and other chemical components. And it exhibits several biological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and hypolipidemic properties. Palmitoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid are the main chemical components of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. seed oil. Its excellent neuroprotective and blood lipid-regulating properties make Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. seed oil a significant resource for the nutraceutical development. The extraction process, chemical composition analysis, and neuroprotective effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. seed oil are systematically investigated and analyzed, providing a scientific foundation for its analytical standardization and industrial utilization.